Cup Of
Wonder |
The Imagery Of Pagan
Britain
In The Songs Of Ian Anderson
By Peg Aloi
This article was originally
published in Obsidian Magazine, "Have you seen Jack in the Green? It is a
rare Pagan who doesn't enjoy the early music of Jethro
Tull. The band's leader and primary songwriter, Ian
Anderson, is to many of us a sort of musical legend, and
someone who has helped define, or at least enhance, our
Pagan world view. With his lilting Celtic melodies, lusty
flute trills, intricate rhythms, and, perhaps more than
anything, his memorable lyrics, Anderson may well be the
closest thing to a bard rock and roll has. Many a fan has
probably wondered if he is in fact Pagan himself, with
song titles like "Ring Out Solstice Bells",
"Pan Dance", "Beltane" and "Cold
Wind to Valhalla", to name but a few. What qualities, if any, do these groups or styles of music have in common? Unfortunately, there is no one characteristic that is shared. Some of this music is ethereal and trance-inducing; some of it is earthy and folky; some of it passionate and ritualistic. Compared to these se lections, the music of Jethro Tull can often be called simply loud, raucous rock and roll, with some occasional Elizabethan or Celtic influence thrown in. What sets it apart is the world view that informs so many of Anderson's lyrics: English, bawdy, often sentimental, occasionally cynical, and, very frequently, Pagan. What makes these lyrics Pagan? Four emphases: rural settings that often describe magical or sacred sites (such as ley lines and stone circles); folklore and customs from pre-Christian, Celtic traditions; a view of love and sex that is by turns romantic (almost courtly) and earthy (the tumbling-of-milkmaids variety); and last but not least, a commentary on Christianity that borders on agnostic (and is most definitely cynical). This last emphasis is most evident on the album Aqualung , with its songs about urban decay, religious hypocrisy, and the darker side of human nature. It is the first three themes that concern us here - rural settings, Celtic folklore and sex - as they occur in four albums, beginning with Songs From the Wood , moving to Heavy Horses , Stormwatch , and A. Other albums, old and new, will be mentioned along the way. A Country Man: Ian Leaves London Behind Many of the songs most memorable for their rural landscapes and scenarios were written during a period when Anderson's lifestyle was undergoing a gradual yet dramatic change: namely, he was writing songs in his country home, rather than in hotel rooms while touring. Most Tull fans will immediately realize that I am speaking of the middle years (roughly 1976 through 1982) of the group's amazingly prolific career, which began in the late '60s and has continued into 1995. Die-hard Tull fans may agree to disagree about which albums are the best or their favorites, but time and again I find that two albums recur among nearly every fan's "top ten" (out of two dozen albums), and usually near the top of the list. These two albums, famous for their rustic appeal, Pagan imagery, and nostalgic view of English country life, are of course: Songs From the Wood and Heavy Horses . Just as the songs on these albums reflect a way of life at odds with a rapidly-changing world of high technology, so too they paved the way for later songs dealing with the threat of ecological disaster (songs dealing with t hese themes are particularly prevalent on Stormwatch , A, and Crest of a Knave). Musically, these two albums feature a marvelous melding of Elizabethan and rock stylings; perhaps no one in rock history has made this combination sound as smooth and natural as Jethro Tull. The title track from Songs From the Wood contains poetry of the purest sort, a passionate paean to rural life, and a plea to city dwellers: Let me
bring you songs from the wood The sheer exuberance of this "call to arms" is matched by the layered harmonies, reminiscent of a group of mead-fortified madrigal singers. Enter the single flute, and syncopated drums, giving this tune the feel of a dance at a medieval wedding feast: Let me
bring you love from the fields Then heavy electric guitars and fuller percussion are added, and the singer proclaims himself a bard, a bringer of pleasure, and offers the cup of fellowship to others: Let me
bring you all things refined "Velvet Green" and "The Whistler" are love songs, seemingly told by a country traveler or troubador. The narrator of both makes no promises, and tells his lady love he may be gone from her at any time, even as he enjoys her company today. In "The Whistler", for example, the minstrel of the title makes it clear he will only stay for a week at a time, hinting at hearts he has broken in the past. For all his footloose ways, however, this lover is as romantic as they come, and his gifts are generous, at least by rural standards: I'll
buy you six bay mares to put in your stable Where this young man is a lover, the hero of "Velvet Green"seems a proud seducer: Let me
have your company, yes, take it in your hands, Alongside its commentary on the hypocrisy of sexual mores, this song also contains sensual descriptions of the countryside: One
dusty half-hour's ride up to the north The lover's bold speculation that his companion may end up pregnant ("August's rare delights may be April's fool") echoes the "year and a day" custom of handfastings in English villages. After a year and a day, if a couple proved fertile, it was considered appropriate for them to have a "legal" wedding; if not, their relationship could be ended with no obligation of marriage. Not that marriage is on this lad's mind: Now I
may tell you that it's love and not just lust The descriptions of the natural world in this song are wonderfully erotic and full of double meaning. It has been compared to the old folk favorite "Black Jack Davy" recorded by Steeleye Span and other groups. The live version of "Velvet Green" which appears on Twenty Years of Jethro Tull is Tull at its best. Let us move along to some songs which deal more specifically with folklore and myth. Affected at least in part by his country lifestyle, Anderson imbues these lyrics with reminiscences of village traditions that pre-date Christian holidays. Today, in some remote parts of England, ancient ways and customs (from a time when nature was seen as a manifestation of the divine, rather than a creation of it) are still practiced alongside the more modern modes of religious worship. The Wheel of the Year, The Ley of the Land "Ring Out, Solstice Bells"is a festive tune celebrating the winter solstice; it tells of druids dancing with maids, beneath mistletoe, and welcomes the return of the "sister sun". This song has also been released on a limited edition 45 RPM record with the songs "Pan Dance", "March the Mad Scientist" and "A Christmas Song". I believe this is a collector's item now, so I am thrilled that my brother thought to buy one for me some years ago. "Jack in the Green" is a favorite with Pagans, being, as it is, a tribute to The Green Man of Celtic legend. Anderson portays this figure as one whose life is a struggle, with "no place to dance, no time for song." (There are two Boston-based rock bands whose names come from this album: one is Solstice Bells, from the song described above; another has taken their name, Mistlethrush, from "Jack in the Green. ") This song is an ironic look at the place of nature deities in urban areas: Jack
do you never sleep, A song that is often sung at The Medieval Manor, a local dinner-theatre restaurant, is "Cup of Wonder."It paints a rich portrait of a boisterous gathering: May I
make my fond excuses for the lateness of the hour "The old straight track" and "those who ancient lines did ley" refer to ley lines; The Old Straight Track is, in fact, a famous book on the subject by Alfred Watkins. Ley lines are geographic reference points: straight unbroken lines which connect the major sacred sites in England such as Stone-henge, Avebury, Silbury Hill and others. The stone circles, chieftain's dwellings, and sacred wells that occur along these ley lines were no doubt once the settings for ancient feasts, rituals and celebrations. Anderson describes such gatherings with an ironic understanding of the nature of Druidic human sacrifice, even in the midst of revelry: Pass
the cup and pass the lady, Though an obvious reference to the Christian myth of the sacrificial wine, the cup that is "ever-filling with the blood of all that's born" also clearly reflects the ancient Celtic belief in the endless cycle of death and life, wherein humans are irrevocably joined with the earth. "Black December's sadness" and "August's welcome corn" obviously refer to Yule and Lughnasa. This is a song about Pagan festivals! Where friends gather to celebrate the earth's mysteries and to share meat and drink and, well...some listeners may bristle at the line "pass the lady," but the image seems more likely one of affectionate huntsmen nuzzling a receptive serving wench, than one of brutality or force. {For those seeking a feminist perspective, however, listen to "Hunting Girl", in which a wealthy aristocratic young lady seduces a "low-born so and so". This tune is one popular with live audiences, as Ian uses his flute in a demonstrative fashion when he sings the lyrics "I raised the flag that she unfurled". The hunting girl is apparently quite aggressive and sexually dominating: Unbridled
passion, I took the bit in my teeth Songs From the Wood concludes with two very different songs: the first, "Pibroch", is a sort of dirge of unrequited love. A man travels through the forest, "cap in hand", to propose to his intended. When he arrives, he finds he is too late: Catching
breath, as I look through the dining room window Punctuated
in th e middle by a lonely, medieval-style dance tune, as
well as with heavy metal guitars, this song in and of
itself characterizes the diverse musical stylings to be
found in Anderson's arrangements. I actually used the
middle section for a choreography assign ment in college,
and was roundly complimented on my unusual choice of
music. My partner and I also added medieval style costume
pieces over our ballet tights and shoes, and used a
combination of folk steps to create a rather rustic
pas-de-deux . I
believe in fires at midnight, when the dogs have all been
fed, Many of Tull's albums could be described as having a central theme; some, like Thick as a Brick and A Passion Play are based upon a singula r concept and flow from one segment into another with only minimal musical transitions. Collectors are familiar with the packaging gimmicks employed in some of the earlier albums: pop-up figures on Stand Up; a hardcover album with pages of photographs for Living in the Past; a many-paged newspaper folded into Thick as a Brick. Few songwriters are prolific enough to be able to enjoy such a luxury: designing and producing each album with a particular theme in mind, from one year to the next. Songs From the Wood is particularly satisfying in this regard, as is Heavy Horses.While the former celebrates rural life with tales of drinking and debauchery in the forest, the latter is a collection of songs united by one primary element: an emphasis on animals. The Nature of the Beast The title
track of Heavy Horses is its centerpiece, with a
beautiful orchestral arrangement that one rarely hears
performed live (though I had this privilege recently at
the Orpheum Theatre, during the Twelve Divinities tour,
and it was stunning, to say the least). This song is a
haunting, often heartbreaking tribute to the large work
horses who once farmed the fields of England. Motorized
farm machinery has all but eliminated the need for them.
Yet these magnificent animals are still h onored in
England; horses have been sacred in the British Isles for
thousands of years, as the many chalk hill figures will
attest to, particularly the famous Paleolithic figure,
The White Horse of Uffington. The Goddess Epona (where we
get our word for "pony") figures heavily in
British mythology, as do other horse goddesses. Iron-clad
feather feet pounding the dust Even if you can't visualize their size, let it suffice to say, these are truly huge animals. I have seen Clydesdales up close, and they easily stand seven feet tall from the ground to the bridle. No wonder they were the only farm implement needed to work an entire field! It is sad to think they have fallen into disuse, or, worse, that some may have been detroyed when they outlived their function, though I would hope this is unlikely in a country that thinks as highly of its animals as England does. And
one day when the oil barrels have all dripped dry Smaller animals appear on this album: namely cats, mice, and moths. I recommended this album to an acquaintance once in college, and he wrote me a letter saying that "One Brown Mouse"was his favorite song on it. I particularly remember this because this young man killed himself a year or so later; I wondered at the time if the song held any clues to his emotional state. I suppose it's best not to read too much into such things; on one level, this song is simply an exploration of a man's relationship with his pet mouse, which he keeps in a cage. But it also compares the lives of men to rodents with no freedom: Smile
your little smile, take some tea with me awhile, "..... And The Mouse Police Never Sleeps" is an odd, humorous song about, naturally, cats. Its lyrics are some of Anderson's most unusual: Muscled
black with steel-green eyes, swishing through the rye
grass These words remind me of the playful yet vicious lyrics to "Bungle in the Jungle", in the way they portray the lives of predatory animals as they compare to the lives of working men and women, "down by the waterhole, drunk every Friday". Anderson obviously strongly identifies the problems of animals with those of humankind, whether domestic or wild. In "Rover,"for example, the narrator of the song compares his romantic devotion to that of a dog, but with the dog's unconditional loyalty comes a natural tendency to run in the direction of the first distraction. I
chase your every footstep and I follow every whim The songs on Heavy Horses demonstrate an uncanny ability to identify with animals, often sympathetically but, as in the case of "Moths,"not always so: Oh the
leaded window opened to move the dancing candle flame There are also a couple of songs on this album not specifically dedicated to animals, but still keeping with the rural themes we have been discussing. "Acres Wild,"for example is yet another song lauding the wisdom of having sex in the great outdoors: I'll
make love to you in all good places In a country whose climate is as chilly, wet, and unpredictable as England, the idea of making love outd oors, while romantic, strikes us as impractical and uncomfortable. But Anderson doesn't seem to mind. This theme is repeated in the acoustic favorite "Dun Ringill" from the album Stormwatch, released the year after Heavy Horses. Dun Ringill is a real place, near Ian Anderson's home. It's not just a great place for an assignation; it's also a sacred site. My friend Michael, a Celtic studies student and musician, told me he travelled to this remote locale in northern Scotland. It is apparently quite a magical spot, right on the ocean, with ring stones. I had the distinct honor of hearing this song performed live on the Divinities tour, and it was simply sublime. I know a number of Tull fans who call this song their favorite: ...We'll
watch the old gods play, by Dun Ringill The live
version of this song on Twenty Years of Jethro Tull is
also phenomenal, but so short that one aches for more as
the applause swells at the end... I always listen to it
twice through, every time. Recently, an online newsgroup
devoted to Jethro Tull featured various fans'
interpretations of this song: "Lines join in faint
dischord" was the source of some speculation. Note
well, dear readers: I believe it refers to lines of
poetry , spoken by bards or druids about their chieftains
and kings. Their recital may also be a tribute ("a
soft prayer, whispered") to the gods of the sea,
hundreds of feet below the cliff whereon sits their tiny
hill fort, Dun Ringill... With A , Anderson began to write songs with more futuristic themes and fewer arrangements based on medieval stylings. But this a lbum is notable for its images of environmental decay and nuclear annihiliation; "Protect and Survive" is particularly chilling, given that it is also the title of a pamphlet produced by the British government, instructing citizens on how to survive a nuclear explosion: They
said Protect and you'll survive; "And Further On"is a song of speculation: We saw
the heavens break, and all world go down to sleep... These songs are not love songs, or songs celebrating country life; they are songs that serve as abrupt reminders of impending environmental disaster. The costum es worn by the band members on the album cover, as well as during the album's concert tour, are markedly different from the troubadour/hippie apparel fans were used to: Anderson and the others wore stark white jumpsuits, almost as if they were preparing to enter an underground missile silo. This seemed a visual wake-up call, a turning away from the band's earlier nostalgic look. For Pagan listeners, this mirrors our tendency as a community to embrace the romance of past times, when people worshipped the divine in nature, while not always seeing that nature is, in fact, in great distress here and now. I think Anderson is to be applauded for continuing to address these ideas. He has also become more political in recent years, most notably in songs like "Fallen on Hard Times", "Farm on the Freeway", "Part of the Machine" and "Clasp". Even "Beastie" from The Broadsword and the Beast , though most interpret it as a song about the animal urges in men, could also be seen as an archetypal figure, one of technology grown huge and terrible ("Feel his burning breath a-heaving/smoke oozing from his stack"). Tull's music continues to evolve and change, moving further away from its roots in folk, blues, and Elizabethan influences. Yet it retains its unique sound, and Anderson continues to write great, thought-provoking songs. His latest album, Roots to Branches , was rumored before its release to be some sort of continuation of Songs From the Wood , probably because of the title. It is nothing like that earlier album in style, yet the image of something which contains its oldest beginnings and its newest growth seems appropriate. For all of the changes in the personnel in Jethro Tull, its oldest influences - Anderson and Martin Barre, the band's lead guitarist - show no sign of slowing down. Though Anderson has recently sold his salmon farm in northern Scotland, who knows what other pursuits he may follow when or if he retires from rock and roll? Jethro Tull is a rare occurrence in popular music: a group that has reached legendary proportions, with a career spanning nearly thirty years. And still their shows are continually sold out, still the industry pays them heed (} Guitar magazine recently featured an article on Tull). The power and genius of Anderson's songwriting has inspired and cheered many, from devoted fans in their forties, to teenagers discovering Songs From the Wood for the first time. I recently had the privilege of seeing Ian Anderson perform in a special concert featuring his recent album, Twelve Divinities. The first half of the performance consisted of most of the instrumental compositions from this recent album; the second half, however, was given over to classic Tull favorites, but with an exciting twist: the addition of full orchestral arrangements - meaning these songs were performed as they were meant to be, but often could not be because the group's usual touring ensemble allowed only electronic, rock-style arrangements. Not that Jethro Tull has ever disappointed, but how wonderful it was to hear intricate, complex tunes like "Heavy Horses", "Dun Ringill", "Life's a Long Song" and "Wond'ring Aloud" performed live. For me, despite our balcony seats amid clouds of cigarette smoke in a steaming, humid theatre on the hottest day of the summer, this was a profound experience, perhaps never to be repeated. I know several friends for whom the music of Jethro Tull is intimately linked with their discovery of and involvement in Neo-Paganism. For some of us, Anderson's songs provide a lustrous soundtrack to our lives, a brocade tapestry filled with forests and meadows, lovers and minstrels, which, at closer inspection, reveals a pirouetting, wild-eyed flutist, cavorting through the trees. I hung this tapestry on my walls for years. Lately, though, it seems to have changed, and grown: the forest less pristine, the meadows barren, the lovers grown complacent, the minstrels grown thoughtful, and, yes, the one with the wild eyes...he is not so much cavorting as he is walking, his eyes not so wild as they are wise. * PEG ALOI is a writer, singer, teacher, actress, calligrapher, herbalist, astrologer and Tull scholar. Notable Albums and Songs:
Resources:
|
Back to "Essays contents" page
Introduction
Site Map
Site Search
TullSongs
TullAlbums
TullScapes
TullBooks
TullUnreleased
TullClips
TullLinks
TullResources
About & Awards
© Jan Voorbij (1998-2008)